Tooth malformation refers to abnormalities in the shape, size, or structure of a tooth. Malformed teeth can affect both the crown (visible part) and root of a tooth.
Often tooth malformation is known as teeth deformity or dental malformation.
“There are many acquired and inherited developmental abnormalities that alter the size, shape, and number of teeth,” explains the UMKC School of Dentistry.
Let’s examine the different types of tooth malformation, including molar tooth malformation and tooth root malformation, and discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Tooth malformation occurs when a tooth develops an abnormal shape, size, or structure during its formation.
This can happen due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.
Malformations can affect any part of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, pulp, or root. Some common types of tooth malformation include:
Tooth malformation can be caused by various factors, including:
“The anomalies of tooth structure can be categorized as congenital, developmental, and acquired,” says the dentalcare.com continuing education course on Anomalies of Tooth Structure.
Here is a look at those three categories, according to the course:
The symptoms and signs of malformed teeth can vary depending on the type and severity of the malformation.
Some common indications include:
Molar tooth malformation specifically affects the shape and structure of the molar teeth.
One example is molar-incisor malformation (MIM), a rare condition characterized by abnormally small, misshapen molars and incisors.
MIM is caused by mutations in certain genes responsible for tooth development.
Treatment options for molar tooth malformation may include orthodontic therapy, dental restorations, or tooth extraction in severe cases.
“Although the etiology of MIM remains to be determined, it is thought to be attributable to an epigenetic factor linked to brain- and central nervous system–related systemic diseases at around age 1 to 2 years. MIM teeth are associated with clinical problems such as impaction, early exfoliation, space loss, spontaneous pain, periapical abscess, and poor incisor esthetics,” said the authors of a paper published in Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.
Another type of molar tooth malformation isn’t related to a tooth abnormality but rather a specific malformation in the brain. It’s a characteristic finding seen in brain imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in a condition called Joubert syndrome.
Joubert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the cerebellum, an area of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. In people with Joubert syndrome, the brainstem and cerebellar vermis (the middle part of the cerebellum) are underdeveloped. This malformation results in a distinct appearance on MRI scans, resembling the cross-section of a molar tooth – hence the name "molar tooth sign."
Tooth root malformation refers to abnormalities in the shape, size, or number of tooth roots. Some examples include:
The exact cause of tooth root malformation can vary depending on the type of malformation. Some potential causes include:
Root malformations can lead to complications such as increased risk of tooth loss, difficulty with dental treatments, and altered bite or jaw alignment.
Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the root malformation, and may involve orthodontic therapy, endodontic treatment, or tooth extraction.
The treatment for malformed teeth depends on the type and extent of the malformation.
Some common treatment options include:
Your oral surgeon will work with you to determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on your specific needs and the severity of the tooth malformation.
Tooth malformation can affect the shape, size, and structure of teeth, leading to various dental problems.
Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for malformed teeth, including molar tooth malformation and tooth root malformation, can help you make informed decisions about your oral health.
If you suspect that you or a loved one has a malformed tooth, consult with Northwest Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery to discuss the best course of action for your individual case.