What we put in our mouths can significantly affect our overall health as diet plays a crucial role in the development and prevention of conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other ailments.
What we eat also influences the health of our teeth and gums as oral health and nutrition share a dynamic, bidirectional relationship: diet and dental health is a two-way street.
“Diet and nutrition are significant influencers of oral health and can affect the development and progression of oral diseases and conditions such as caries (tooth decay or cavities), periodontal disease, erosion, and others,” says the American Dental Association (ADA).
The ADA defines nutrition as micro- (vitamins and minerals) and macro- (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) nutrients as they relate to the body’s dietary needs. Diet, then, refers to the specific foods we consume.
“The relationship that diet and nutrition have with oral health is bidirectional, as compromised integrity of the oral cavity can also influence an individual’s ability to eat,” says the ADA.
It’s important to understand the importance of how nutrition supports dental health and prevents oral diseases. Let’s explore key aspects of this relationship, including dental caries, periodontal disease, dental erosion, calcium intake, and other oral health conditions.
A spoonful of sugar may help that medicine go down, according to Mary Poppins, but dentists understand that the primary culprit for dental caries or cavities, one of the most common oral health issues worldwide, is indeed sugar!
Why is this?
When sugars and fermentable carbohydrates are consumed, they interact with bacteria in the mouth to produce acids that lower plaque pH. This acidic environment leads to tooth demineralization and eventual decay.
The frequency and duration of sugar exposure are critical factors. For example, sipping sugary drinks throughout the day leads to prolonged acid attacks on tooth enamel compared to consuming them during meals.
Public health measures such as limiting sugar intake to less than 10 percent of daily caloric consumption and using fluoridated water are effective strategies for reducing caries risk
(Note that the ADA recognizes that community-based topical fluoride programs are safe and efficacious in reducing dental caries).
Additionally, incorporating foods like dairy products that contain calcium and phosphate can help remineralize enamel and protect against decay.
Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is a multifaceted condition influenced by both oral hygiene and diet.
Emerging research suggests that certain dietary components may exacerbate or mitigate the risk of periodontal disease. For instance, diets high in refined carbohydrates and sugars promote an inflammatory response that can worsen gum health.
Conversely, nutrient-rich foods like nuts may have protective effects due to their anti-inflammatory properties.
Interestingly, periodontal disease is also linked to systemic conditions like diabetes. Poorly controlled diabetes increases susceptibility to gum disease due to systemic inflammation and impaired healing.
On the flip side, periodontal disease can make blood sugar levels harder to control, highlighting the interconnectedness of oral and systemic health.
Bottom line: A 2021 study published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine found that “high-sugar, high-saturated fat, low-polyols, low-fiber and low-polyunsaturated-fat intake causes an increased risk of periodontal disease, and that conversely, a low-sugar, high-fiber and high-omega-6-to-omega-3 fatty acid ratio intake reduces the risk of periodontal diseases.
Frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages—such as soda, citrus fruits, and sports drinks—can lead to dental erosion. This condition occurs when acids dissolve tooth enamel, weakening its structure over time. Unlike cavities caused by bacterial activity, erosion is a direct chemical process.
To mitigate erosion risks:
Promoting saliva production through chewing sugar-free gum or eating fibrous fruits can also help neutralize acids and protect enamel.
Calcium plays a pivotal role in maintaining strong teeth and bones. It helps rebuild enamel after acid exposure and supports jawbone integrity.
Foods rich in calcium—such as milk, cheese, yogurt, leafy greens, and almonds—are essential for dental health. Vitamin D is equally important as it enhances calcium absorption and supports bone metabolism.
“High concentrations of calcium and phosphate in plaque or saliva may reduce bacterial adhesion to enamel and inhibit bacterial biofilm formation,” said a study published in the Nutrition Journal. “Higher calcium intake may also enhance enamel remineralization, reduce demineralization, and prevent alveolar bone loss.”
Low calcium intake has been associated with higher plaque accumulation and increased risk of periodontal disease. Ensuring adequate dietary calcium combined with vitamin D can significantly enhance oral health outcomes.
Several other conditions underscore the importance of nutrition in oral health:
The American Dental Association (ADA) emphasizes the bidirectional link between diet and oral health in its recommendations. Key guidelines include:
The ADA also highlights the importance of collaboration between dental professionals and dietitians to provide comprehensive care that addresses both dietary habits and oral hygiene practices.
Nutrition is an integral component of dental health that influences everything from cavity prevention to gum disease management.
By adopting a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients while minimizing sugar and acid exposure, individuals can significantly improve their oral health outcomes.
If you're looking for expert care tailored to your unique needs, Northwest Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is here to help. Schedule an appointment today to learn more about how you can optimize your nutrition, especially as it relates to specific surgical procedures or recovery.